Christian Kingdoms- GLOSSARY

Cortes (Cortes) the assembly made up of members of the clergy, aristocrats and members of the bourgeoisie that helped the king to rule
Mesta (Mesta) an importnat organisation of sheep farmers that solved conflicts between its memers, among other missions
wool (lana) the material obtained from sheep; it is used to make cloth
absolute monarch (monarca/ rey absoluto) a system of government in which the king or queen has total authority over his or her kingdom and its subjects
auto de fe (auto de fe) a ritual of pubic penance by heretics condemned by the Inquisition
convert (converso) a person who changes religion
corregidor (corregidor) a representative of the king or queen with local administrative powers
heretic (hereje) a person whose religious beliefs are different from those of the Catholic Church
Inquisition (Inquisición) the religious court established by the Pope to supress heresy in Catholic countries
Morisco (morisco) Musilm living in the Christian Kingdoms who has accepted Christian baptism
religious uniformity (uniformidad religiosa) the government imposition of a single religion on the population
sanbenito (sanbenito) the clothing worn by penitent heretics convicted by the Inquisition during and auto de fe
viceroy (virrey) a person who rules a territory in the mane of the monarch
torture (tortura) the act of causing great pain, as punishment or revenge, for getting a confession or information, or just for cruelty

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture- GLOSSARY

aisle (pasillo de la nave) a passageway separating seating areas in a church
altar (altar) elevated structure located in the choir, where religious rites are performed
ambulatory (girola o deambulatorio) circular aisle which wraps around the apse
apse (ábside) the semicircular or polygonal termination to the choir or aisles of a church
arch (arco) curved structure over an opening
barrel vault (bóveda de cañón) it is a semicircular construction used to cover the space between two walls
buttress (contrafuerte) a mass of stone built up to support a wall, usually necessary to strenghten those of great height
capital (capitel) the crown of a column, sometimes decorated
cathedral (catedral) the principal church of an area, where the throne of the bishop is placed
chancel () Space around the altar of a church that is usually intended for the clergy
choir (coro) the area of the main altar where services are sung, located between the crossing and the apse
clerestory (clerestorio) the upper story of a church where it rises above the aisle roof. window openings, usually of stained glass, allow extra light into the interior
column (columna) a cylindrical support for roof, usually capped by a decorated capital
crossing (crucero) intersection of the nave, transepts and chancel
cross vault (bóveda de crucería)
cruciform (crucifirorme) cross shaped -Latin or Greek
dome (cúpula) hemispherical vault
flying buttress (arbotante) a buttress arched over at the top to engage with a main wall. It gives strength to the main structure
gargoyle (gárgola) a water sprout terminating in a grotesquely carved figure of a human, demon or animal, and projecting from the gutter of a cathedral
groin vault (bóveda de arista) it is the vault formed when two barrel vaults meet 
lancet arch (arco apuntado) a Gothic pointed arch usually applied to long, narrow windows
masonry (mampostería, sillería) work constructed by a mason, esp. stonework
nave (nave) the main corridor of a church or cathedral from door to apse
pillar (pilar) square support for roof
pinnacles (pináculos) a slender, pointed summit placed on top of buttesses
radial chapels (capillas radiales o absidiolos) the recesses on the sides of aisles in cathedrals
rib vault (bóveda de arista)
rose window (rosetón)
round arch (arco de medio punto) it is an arch whose round part equals the measurement of half a circumference
tower (torre)
transept (transepto) the north and south projections or 'arms' of the cross
triforium (triforio) space or passage above the nave arcade, below the clerestory, and extending over the ceiling or vaults of the side aisle
tribune or gallery (tribuna) an upper story over the aisle which opens onto the nave or choir. It corresponds in length and width to the dimensions of the aisle below it
tympanum (tímpano) a panel above a main portal, or doorway, usually heavily decorated
vault (bóveda) an arched ceiling

more vocabulary and pictures: http://www.athenapub.com/14glossary.htm

Political rights for women GLOSSARY

suffrage the right to vote (also franchise)
suffragist a member of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) who believed in peaceful, law-abiding protest
suffragette a member of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), an organisation that sometimes used violence to further its aims
spinster an unmarried woman. The term was used usually to refer to women past the 'marrying age'
militant aggressive

hunger strike making a protest by not eating food

force-feeding making someone eat food, often by passing a tube down the throat

inhumane without pity or compassion

End of the War+ Versailles Peace Conference+ Treaty of Versailles GLOSSARY

Versailles: a famous palace near Paris.

Conference: a meeting.

Armistice: a cease-fire.

Treaty: an agreement between nations.

Delegate: a person representing a country at a conference.

Colonies: overseas countries ruled by a European nation (e.g. India was a colony of the British Empire).

Disarmament: where countries agree to reduce their weapons.

Self-determination: the right of nations to rule themselves.

Compromise: when you ‘meet someone half-way’ in an argument

Reparations: the money Germany had to pay for damage done during the war.

Terms of the Treaty: the different things the Treaty said

Demilitarised zone: an area where the army is not allowed to go.

Senate: the ‘parliament’ of the United States.

Principles: ideas which say how things should happen.

Disarm: give up your armies and navies.

Self-determination: the right of peoples to rule themselves.

Nation-state: a country where the people of a certain race rule over themselves.

Racial minority: where a few people of one race live in a country where most people are of a different race

Unit 3: Al Andalus Glossary(i)

Emir (emir) the person who rules an emirate

Emirate (emirato) a political territory ruled by a dynastic Arab monarch (Emir)

Caliph (califa) a title used for Islamic rulers who are considered political and religious leaders

Caliphate (califato) the land a caliph rules

Taifa (taifa) small state or kingdom

Arab (árabe) person from the Arabian Peninsula

Berber (bereber) Ethnic group from Northern Africa

Umayyad (=) a dynasty that ruled the Islamic territories after Muhammed passed away

Strait (estrecho)

Unit 2 Feudalism- Glossary (iv)

Pope (Papa) he was a man, leader of the Church. He came from the noble group (high clergy)

Cardinal (cardenal), Archbishop (arzobispo), Bishop (obispo). These were members of the high clergy (noble origin). They advised the kings and nobles. They were part of the regular clergy.

Priest (sacerdote) he was a member of the low clergy. He had non-noble origin. He was responsible for the parish (parroquia) and his parishioners (miembros de la parroquia). He was in charge of the rituals (marriage, baptism, etc.) and the advise on spirirtual matters.

Abbot (abad) / abbess (abadesa) they were in charge of the monastery (abbot) and the convent (abbess), ruling the members of the Regular clergy. They were members of the high clergy.

Monk (monje) he was a member of the low clergy. He prayed and worshipped privately in the monastery. He shut himself from the outside world in order to get close to God.

Nun (monja) she was a member of the low clergy. She lived in a convent, paying and helping the poor and sick.

Friar (fraile) he was a member of the low clergy. Although he belonged to the regular clergy, he lived outside the monastery, travelling, working and begging (mendigando) for food. He helped the sick in their homes.

                           

Unit 2: Feudalism. Glossary (ii)

Artisan or craftsman (artesano) a person who makes things using manual labour

Clergy (clero) the religious or spiritual leaders –e.g. priests, bishops, nuns, monks

Merchant or trader (mercader, comerciante) a person who buys and sells things

Nobles or aristocracy (nobles, aristocracia) people with high social position, from important families. They’re usually wealthy and/ or powerful  -e,g, dukes, counts, lords

Privileges (privilegios) special rights that certain groups of people have

Social groups (grupos sociales) a group of people in a society who have similar rights, wealth, power and lifestyle (e.g. peasants, nobles)

Feudal Society- Glossary (i)

Manor (feudo) An estate in land, which is an interest in real property that is or may become a possesion.// The basic feudal unit of tenure and is historically connected with the territorial divisions of the mark, parish and township.

Demesne (dominio) all the land, not necessarily all contiguous to the manor house, which was retained by a lord of the manor for his own use and support, under his own management

Villain (villano) a peasant (tenant farmer) who was legally tied to the land he worked on. A villain could not leave the land without the landowner's consent

Serf (siervo) It was a condition of bondage or modified slavery. Serfdom included the labour of serfs occupying a plot of land owned by a lord of the manor in return for protection and justice and the right to exploit certain fields within the manor to maintain their own subsistence.

Servant (sirviente) domestic worker (a man, woman or child) who works within the employer's household. They perform a variety of household services for an individual or a family

Butler (mayordomo) A butler is a domestic worker in a large household. the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar (bodega), and pantry (despensa).

Glossary: Early Middle ages (ii)

Basileus (basileus) Name of the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He commanded the army and government, and he was also the religious leader

East-West Schism (Cisma Este-Oeste) Split in the unity of the Church -separation between Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church in 1054

Rite (rito) A religious ceremony

Justinian Code (Código Justiniano) A collection of books containing all the old Roman laws, as well as new laws that Emperor Justinian (527-565) introduced. The laws of many European countries are still based on the principles of the Code.

Mosaic (mosaico) A complex artistic technique consisting of inserting small pieces of different coloured stone, glass or ceramics into a flat surface in order to create an image.

Homage (homenaje) A ceremony in which a noble promised to be loyal and obedient to a king or more powerful noble

Vassal (vasallo) A person who paid homage to a king or more powerful noble in return for protection or land

Industrial Revolution: Glossary

artisan: a skilled manual worker
cash crops: crops such as cotton, grown not for food but to be sold to process
cholera: a disease carried in water supplies contaminated by sewage. It is usually fatal
colony/es: a country ruled by another country
division of labour: the division of work into specialised tasks, each performed by a different person or group
domestic system: the main system of making goods before the Industrial Revolution. People worked in their own homes
engineer: a person who plans and builds machines, roads, etc.
entrepreneur: someone who makes money from establishing a business
export: transporting and selling goods that are made in certain country (e.g. Britain) abroad
factory: a building or grop of building with facilities and machinery for the manufacture of goods
import: when goods are brought into a country (e.g. Britain) from abroad
industrial: to do with industry, i.e. how people make things, especially in factories
Industrial Revolution: the time of great change when people began to make goods in factories using machines
invested: put money into a company to make a profit
loom: machine for weaving cloth
maufacturer: a factory owner, or someone who produces goods
markets: countries or areas of countries where traders sell their goods
marling: adding lime and clay
middle class: in effect, peoplewho are not working class but earn a living, e.g. doctors, businessmen, shopkeepers
patented: registered an invention so that no one else can copy it without paying money to the inventor
pauper: a very poor person who cannot support himself/ helself
polluted: made dirty
population: the number of people in a certain place
raw materials: natural materials such as coal or cotton which have to be turned into finished goods in a factory
sewage: the waste matter which goes through a sewer
sewer: a drain to carry away refuse and human excrement
slum: a dirty, overcrowded building or area
spindle: a rod which holds the thread in spinning
textile: woven cloth